Riboflavin-5-Phosphate - Vitamin B2
References
1. NIH Fact Sheet
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Riboflavin-HealthProfessional/
2. Powers HJ. 2003
Riboflavin in health and disease
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12791609/
3. Thakur K, et al. 2017 — Riboflavin and health: A review of recent human research
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27029320/
It reviews riboflavin absorption, metabolism, mitochondrial function, deficiency, and its role in other vitamin pathways.
Pyridoxal-5’-Phosphate - Vitamin B6
References
1. NIH Fact Sheet
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/
2. Parra M, Stahl S, Hellmann H. 2018 — Vitamin B6 and Its Role in Cell Metabolism and Physiology
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30037155/
This is the correct PubMed record. It covers B6 metabolism, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP/P5P), amino-acid metabolism, neurotransmitter synthesis, and cellular metabolism.
3. Leklem JE. 1990 — Vitamin B-6: a status report
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2243296/
This reviews B6 status, metabolism, requirements, and PLP-related biochemical markers.
Vitamin C - Sodium Ascorbate
References
1. NIH Fact Sheet
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/
2. Carr AC, Maggini S. 2017
Vitamin C and immune function
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29099763/
3. Padayatty SJ, et al. 2003
Vitamin C pharmacokinetics
Magnesium Glycinate
References
1. NIH Fact Sheet
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/
2. de Baaij JH, et al. 2015
Magnesium in human health
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25540137/
3. Schuchardt JP, Hahn A. 2017
Magnesium bioavailability review
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29123461/
Potassium Citrate
References
1. NIH Fact Sheet
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Potassium-HealthProfessional/
2. Braschi A, Naismith DJ. 2008
The effect of a dietary supplement of potassium chloride or potassium citrate on blood pressure in predominantly normotensive volunteers.
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that specifically administered potassium citrate.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18053306/
3. Carvalho M, et al. 2017
Effect of potassium citrate supplement on stone recurrence before or after lithotripsy: systematic review and meta-analysis.
This is specifically a potassium citrate supplementation systematic review/meta-analysis.
Zinc Glycinate
References
1. NIH Fact Sheet
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/
2. Gandia P, et al. 2007 — A bioavailability study comparing two oral formulations containing zinc (Zn bis-glycinate vs. Zn gluconate)
This was a human crossover study comparing zinc bisglycinate directly with zinc gluconate. Zinc bisglycinate produced 43.4% greater oral bioavailability in the study.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18271278/
3. PubChem — Zinc Glycinate (Zinc Bisglycinate)
Confirms zinc glycinate and zinc bisglycinate as names for the compound and provides its chemical identity and structure.
Taurine
References
1. Schaffer S, Kim HW. 2018
Effects and Mechanisms of Taurine as a Therapeutic Agent
A comprehensive review of taurine physiology, including mitochondrial function, calcium regulation, antioxidant defense, cardiovascular function, and cellular health.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29631391/
2. Kurtz JA, et al. 2021
Taurine in Sports and Exercise
Reviews research on taurine supplementation and its relationship to exercise performance, muscle contraction, energy metabolism, recovery, and muscle damage.
https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-021-00438-0
3. Schaffer SW, Jong CJ, Ramila KC, Azuma J. 2010
Physiological Roles of Taurine in Heart and Muscle
Reviews taurine’s physiological roles in cardiac and skeletal muscle, including calcium handling, cellular function, and muscle performance.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Schaffer+Jong+Ramila+Azuma+taurine+heart+muscle
L-Theanine
References
1. Williams JL, et al. 2020
The Effects of Green Tea Amino Acid L-Theanine Consumption on the Ability to Manage Stress and Anxiety Levels: a Systematic Review
Reviews randomized controlled human trials examining L-theanine supplementation and its effects on stress and anxiety responses.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31758301/ (PubMed)
2. Hidese S, et al. 2019
Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
A randomized controlled trial examining L-theanine’s effects on stress-related symptoms, sleep, and cognitive function in healthy adults.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31623400/ (PubMed)
3. Baba Y, et al. 2021
Effects of L-Theanine on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Subjects: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study
This human randomized study found that a single dose of L-theanine affected measures of attention, working memory, and executive function.
Sodium Citrate
References
1. Oöpik V, et al. 2003
Effects of Sodium Citrate Ingestion Before Exercise on Endurance Performance in Well-Trained College Runners
This human study found that sodium citrate increased blood buffering capacity and improved 5-km running performance under the study conditions.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14665584/ (PubMed)
2. McNaughton L. 1992
Sodium Citrate Ingestion and Its Effects on Maximal Anaerobic Exercise of Different Durations
Examined sodium citrate supplementation and demonstrated increased blood bicarbonate, with performance effects varying according to exercise duration.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1735409/ (PubMed)
3. Oöpik V, et al. 2008
The Effects of Sodium Citrate Ingestion on Metabolism and 1500-m Racing Time in Trained Female Runners
Studied sodium citrate directly and found effects on water retention and metabolic responses, although it did not improve 1500-m performance in this trial.
Citric Acid
References
1. Penniston KL, Nakada SY, Holmes RP, Assimos DG. 2008
Quantitative Assessment of Citric Acid in Lemon Juice, Lime Juice, and Commercially-Available Fruit Juice Products
This study directly measured citric acid concentrations in citrus juices and commercial beverages and discusses the relationship between dietary citric acid, citrate, and urinary chemistry.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18290732/
2. Penniston KL, Nakada SY, Holmes RP, Assimos DG. 2008 — Full Text
The full-text version provides additional background on citric acid as a naturally occurring organic acid, its use in foods and beverages, and its relationship to citrate physiology.
Stevia
References
1. EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food. 2010
Scientific Opinion on the Safety of Steviol Glycosides for the Proposed Uses as a Food Additive
EFSA evaluated steviol glycoside safety and established an acceptable daily intake of 4 mg/kg body weight per day, expressed as steviol equivalents.
https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1537
2. Anton SD, et al. 2010
Effects of Stevia, Aspartame, and Sucrose on Food Intake, Satiety, and Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Levels
A human study comparing stevia with sucrose and aspartame. Stevia produced lower post-meal glucose and insulin responses than sucrose under the study conditions.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20303371/
3. Gregersen S, et al. 2004
Antihyperglycemic Effects of Stevioside in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
A human study examining stevioside and glucose metabolism in people with type 2 diabetes. Stevioside reduced post-meal blood glucose in this small study.
Natural Flavor
References
1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration — Natural Flavor Definition and Labeling
FDA guidance referencing 21 CFR 101.22(a)(3), which defines natural flavor and the types of natural-source ingredients that may qualify.
2. Smith RL, et al. 2005
Criteria for the Safety Evaluation of Flavoring Substances
Reviews the scientific framework used by the FEMA Expert Panel to evaluate the safety of flavoring substances, including exposure, metabolism, toxicology, and ongoing safety review.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15950813/
3. Schrankel KR. 2004
Safety Evaluation of Food Flavorings
Reviews how flavoring substances are evaluated for safety, including chemical structure, expected exposure, metabolism, and toxicological evidence.